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The nearest airport is Zaporizhia Airport, 8. Main articles: and Transnistria became an autonomous political entity in 1924 with the proclamation of the , which included today's Transnistria 4,000 km 2 as well as an adjacent area 9,000 km 2 around the city of in modern-day , but nothing from Bessarabia, which at the time was part of Romania. Established in 1907, is the oldest institution with focus on economics in Russia's tertiary education.

We want you to share your story, with both the good and the not-so-good. You should also give your phone number. During that time the town had a population of around 7,000 which rose to 55,000 by the mid 17th century.

Минск-Ельск Маршрутка - De Facto States: The Quest for Soverignty. While walking around the city, please, try to use pedestrian subways wherever it is possible, and be careful while crossing streets.

It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount , and is the administrative, cultural, economic, and educational centre of the country. Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the , as well as in outer districts such as Slatina and Obelya. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence, and remnants from the city's past can still be seen today alongside modern landmarks. The name Serdica or Sardica Σερδική, Σαρδική was popular in , and sources from Antiquity and ; it was related to the local tribe of the. The name was last used in the 19th century in a Bulgarian text, Service and hagiography of Saint George the New of Sofia: ВЪ САРДАКІИ. Another of Sofia's names, Triaditsa Τριάδιτζα , was mentioned in Greek medieval sources. The Bulgarian name Sredets СРѢДЄЦЪ , an adaptation of Serdica, first appeared in the Vision of Daniel and was widely used in the Middle Ages. The current name Sofia was first used in the Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar or in a merchant's notes of 1376; it refers to the famous , an ancient church in the city named after the Christian concept of the. Although Sredets remained in use until the late 18th century, Sofia gradually overcame the Slavic name in popularity. During the Ottoman rule it was called Sofya by the Turkish population. The city's name is pronounced by Bulgarians with a stress on the 'o', in contrast with the tendency of foreigners to place the stress on 'i'. Geography Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the mountain, in the that is surrounded by mountains on all sides. The valley is the largest one in the country with territory of 1,186 square kilometres 457. Three lead to the city, which have been key roads since antiquity, connecting the and with the and. A number of low rivers cross the city, including the and the. The in its upper course flows Sofia. The city is known for its numerous and springs. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the last century. Thunder storms occur often in Sofia during the summer season It is located 130 kilometres 81 mi northwest of , Bulgaria's second largest city, 340 kilometres 211 mi west of 380 kilometres 236 mi west of , Bulgaria's major port-cities on the. The city is situated at less than 200 kilometres 124 mi from the borders with three countries: 55 kilometres 34 mi from on the border, 113 kilometres 70 mi from on the frontier with the and 183 kilometres 114 mi from the border at. Climate Sofia has an Koppen Cfb with high temperature amplitudes. The hottest month is July while January is the coldest. Up to 1936 the average annual temperature was 10. The city receives around 650 millimetres 25. The temperatures in Sofia generally remain cooler than other parts of Bulgaria in summer, due to the high altitude of the valley in which it is situated. However temperatures can still reach up to 40 °C 104 °F on occasions. Climate data for Sofia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C °F 2. For a short period during the , the city was ruled by and his son. Around BC 29, Serdica was conquered by the. It became a municipium, or centre of an administrative region, during the reign of Emperor 98-117 and was renamed Ulpia Serdica. It seems that the first written mention of Serdica was made by around. Serdica Sardica expanded, as , protective walls, , administrative and cult buildings, a civic , an - the Boulé , a large Forum, a big Circus Theatre , etc. When Emperor divided the province of into Dacia Ripensis at the banks of the and , Serdica became the capital of. The city subsequently expanded for a century and a half, it became a significant political and economical centre, moreso — it became one of the first roman cities where Christianity was recognized as an Еmperor. Serdica was of moderate size, but magnificent as an urban concept of planning and architecture, with abundant amusements and an active social life. It flourished during the reign of , when it was surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today. The city was destroyed by the in 447 but was rebuilt by and for a while called Triaditsa or Sredets by the. Middle Ages Sofia first became part of the during the reign of in 809 after a long. Afterwards, it was known by the name Sredets and grew into an important fortress and administrative centre. After the fall of North-eastern Bulgaria under ' armies in 971, the Bulgarian Patriarch Damyan chose Sofia for his seat in the next year. After a number of unsuccessful sieges, the city fell to the in 1018, but once again was incorporated into the at the time of Tsar. From the 12th to the 14th century, Sofia was a thriving centre of trade and crafts. In 1382 Sofia : Sofya was seized by the in the course of the - after a long siege the city was captured with treason. The new name — Sofia, replaced the old one — Sredets, after the liberation of the city from Turkish rule in 1878. Quite some time after 1878 there was a strong will, expressed by Bulgarian committees, to keep the name Sredets, but the Russian administration accepted Sofia. Ottoman rule After the campaign of in 1443 towards Sofia, the city's Christian elite was annihilated and became the capital of the beylerbeylik of for more than 4 centuries, which encouraged many Turks to settle there. In the 16th century Sofia's urban layout and appearance began to exhibit a clear Ottoman style, with many mosques, fountains and hamams bathhouses. During that time the town had a population of around 7,000 which rose to 55,000 by the mid 17th century. The town was seized for several weeks by Bulgarian in 1599. In 1610 the established the for Catholics of , which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated. In the 16th century there were 126 Jewish households, and there has been a synagogue in Sofia since 967. She was the center of Sofya Eyalet 1826—1864. End of Ottoman Rule Sofia was taken by on January 4, 1878, during the , and became the capital of the autonomous in 1879, which became the in 1908. It was proposed as a capital by and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. By the time of its liberation the population of the city was 11,649. For a few decades after the liberation the city experienced large population growth mainly from other regions of the country. In 1925 the was carried out by the which claimed the lives of 170 people and injured another 500. During , Sofia was in late 1943 and early 1944. As a consequence of the invasion of the , Bulgaria's government, which was allied with , was overthrown. Republic of Bulgaria The transformations of Bulgaria into a in and marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded at high rates due to migration from province. Administration The city of Sofia is one of 28 not to be confused with , which surrounds but does not include the city. Besides the city of Sofia, the capital province encompasses three other cities and 34 villages, being split into a total of 24 districts. Each of them has its own district mayor who is elected in a popular election. The head of the Sofia Municipality is its mayor. The assembly members are chosen every four years. Districts of Sofia City: The districts of Sofia Rank Name Unemployment 2004, % Population Type 1 10. The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,114 and the rate of was 100. The per 1000 people was 7. The population was declining by 4. However, considerable immigration to the capital from poorer regions of the country, as well as urbanisation, are the reasons Sofia's population is in practice increasing. According to the 2001 census, Sofia's population is made up of 96% ethnic ; among minority communities, nearly 18,000 1. The unemployment is lower than in other parts of the country — 2. The large share of unemployed people with , 27% as compared to 7% for the whole country, is a characteristic feature of the capital. Sofia was declared capital in 1879. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after , , and. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. Culture Places of special interest The city also offers many places of special interest such as the which houses the largest national book collection and is Bulgaria's oldest cultural institute , the , the , the Russian Cultural Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute, the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the Italian Cultural Institute, the French Cultural Institute, , , and the. The city is also known for the , which is a world heritage site. In addition, Sofia houses the , which was founded in 1888. Several international film productions were made here. Sofia's , situated in the foothills of the weekend retreat mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. Sofia is the major economic centre of Bulgaria and home to most major Bulgarian and international companies operating in Bulgaria. Sofia is also the country's financial hub, home to the , the , the as well as the headquarters of all operating in the country. Construction, trade and transport are other important sectors of the local economy. Increasingly, Sofia is becoming an destination for , among them , , , and. Apartment prices increased dramatically, with a growth rate of 30% in 2008. In 2009, prices fell by 26% Transport and infrastructure With its developing infrastructure and strategic location, Sofia is an important centre for international railway and automobile routes. Three Trans-European Transport Corridors cross the city: 4, 8 and 10. All major types of transport except are represented in the city. It is home to eight , the biggest of which is the Central Railway Station. Just next to it is the new , the biggest and most modern of its kind in the country. A number of other Bus Stations allow interurban and international trips from different parts of the city. The with its new second terminal, finished in 2006, handled some 2. An old-style tram is well-developed with bus, 153,6 km network and trolleybus 97 km network lines running in all areas of the city. The became operational from 1998 and is yet largely underdeveloped with one line and only 14 stations. Several new stations have been opened in 2009. Another, second line is being built with a targeted completion date in 2012. The masterplan for the Sofia underground includes three lines with a total of 47 stations. In recent years the , a private passenger van, began serving fixed routes and proved an efficient and popular by being faster than public transport but cheaper than taxis. As of 2005 these vans numbered 368 and serviced 48 lines around the city and suburbs. There are some 6,000 licensed operating in the and another 2,000 operating somewhat illegally. Low fares in comparison with other European countries, make taxis affordable and popular among a big part of the city population. Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia in the last five years. The Sofia municipality is known for minor and cosmetic repairs and most streets are in a poor condition. Consequently traffic and problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. Sofia has a unique, very large plant. Virtually the entire city 900,000 households and 5,900 companies is centrally heated, using residual heat from 3,000 and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total is 4,640 MW. The heat distribution piping network is 900 km long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings. Architecture Former headquarters of the Bulgarian Communist Party A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings have been preserved in the city and its outskirts. Most notably, the one of the , the , considered the oldest building in Sofia, and the early Byzantine. A medieval monument of significant interest is The Church of St. Petka located in the very centre of the city providing a sharp contrast to the surrounding three edifices of the former Party House, , and. Panelki in Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were , Adolf Václav Kolář, and others, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly-reestablished Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of , Neo-, and , with the also later playing an important part, but it is mostly typically Central European. Among the most important buildings constructed in Sofia in the period are the former royal palace, today housing the and the National Ethnographic Museum 1882 ; the 1907 ; the former royal printing office, today the ; the 1886 , the 1893 , etc. After the Second World War and the establishment of a in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural line was substantially altered. After the abolishment of in 1989, Sofia has witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skryscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. Education campus There are 16 in Sofia. The is often regarded as the most prestigious university of Bulgaria, being founded in 1888 and having an incoming class of 14,000 students each year. Other important universities include the , the , the , , the , the , the and. Furthermore, institutions of national significance, such as the and the are located in Sofia. The , founded in 1860 and often regarded as the oldest American outside the United States provides to some of Bulgaria's brightest students. University of Sofia is the oldest institution in , founded on 1 October 1888. The university's edifice was constructed between 1924 and 1934 with the financial support of the brothers and. Sports Being the country's capital, Sofia is also the centre of Bulgaria's sporting activities, with a large number of sports clubs based in the city. These include most of Bulgaria's primary football teams, such as , , and , as well as formerly great clubs like , and Septemvri. The capital's dominance in the sport is reflected in the fact that Sofia-based teams, including dissolved clubs like A. Although football is popular, sports such as basketball and volleyball have strong traditions. A notable in the capital is , who were twice. While no major volleyball teams exist at club level excluding multiple times champion and Volleyball Champions League participant Levski Sikonko , Bulgaria has always been among the world's top nations at the sport. The is the world's second-oldest, and it was an exhibition tournament organised by them in Sofia that in 1957 convinced the to include volleyball as an. Tennis is increasingly popular in Sofia. Currently there are some ten complexes within the city including the one founded by former top-ten athlete. While is a minor sport in Bulgaria, and certainly not a , there are several in Sofia for aficionados of the game. Most other sports, especially individual sports such as boxing, wrestling, and archery can be practiced at the sports complex of the or at that of any of the sports clubs mentioned above. This is because, during the communist era, all sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development. Sofia applied to host the in 1992 and in 1994, coming 2nd and 3rd respectively. The city was also an applicant for the , but was not selected as candidate. In addition, Sofia hosted and the and , as well as the and. Venues The capital is home to a large number of sports venues, including the 43,000-seat which hosts most major outdoor events in Bulgaria, Levski Sofia's , CSKA Sofia's , Slavia Sofia's , and stadium, which has hosted many major music concerts in recent years. An important sports facility is the 3,000-capacity , where in turn many indoor events are held, including Akademik's European basketball games. There are two complexes — the Winter Palace of Sports capacity 4,000 and the Slavia Winter Stadium capacity 2,000 , both containing two rinks each. There is a with 5,000 seats in the city's. It is currently disused but undergoing renovation. Most football stadiums have tennis courts, pitches and other sports facilities joined to them, and there are other such facilities scattered throughout the city, mainly in the parks. There are also various other all-round sports complexes in the city which belong to institutions other than the football clubs, such as those of the , of the , or those of the capital's various universities. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor. Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. There are two just to the east of Sofia — in St Sofia club and in Air Sofia club , and a horseriding club St George club. The capital's main attraction is probably the ample opportunity provided to Sofianites for making use of the city's sprawling parklands, many of which are densely forested. There are four such major parks - in the city centre, as well as the Southern, Western and Northern and several other smaller parks, most notable of which is the. The the oldest in the , which includes a big part of the to the south of Sofia, covers an area of almost 270 km² and lies entirely within the city limits. Many Sofianites take weekly hikes up the mountain, and most do so at least a couple of times a year. There are bungalows as well as several ski slopes on Vitosha, allowing locals to take full advantage of the countryside and of the mountains without having to leave the city. Mass media The Some of the biggest and most popular telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, companies, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia. Some television companies and channels include featuring and TV Bulgaria , and among others. Top-circulation newspapers include , , Kapital and others. Head Direction of Residential Registration and Administrative Service. Селищни имена от Югозападна България: Изследване. Encyclopedia of Figurative Arts in Bulgaria, volume 1.